Web Links

Chapter 1: The Nature of Anthropology
Chapter 2: The Nature of Culture
Chapter 3: The Beginnings of Human Culture
Chapter 4: Language and Communication
Chapter 5: Growing Up Human
Chapter 6: Patterns of Subsistence
Chapter 7: Economic Systems
Chapter 8: Sex and Marriage
Chapter 9: Family and Household
Chapter 10: Kinship and Descent
Chapter 11: Grouping By Sex, Age, Common Interest, and Class
Chapter 12: Political Organization and the Maintenance of Order
Chapter 13: Culture and the Supernatural
Chapter 14: The Arts
Chapter 15: Cultural Change
Chapter 16: Anthropology and the Future

Chapter 1: The Nature of Anthropology

1. To find web sites relating to anthropology, your first stop should be the World Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW VL) for Anthropology. This site includes archaeology as well, but another comprehensive guide is the WWW VL for Archaeology (also known as ArchNet). Both sites are huge with links to hundreds of pages arranged by subject or geographically.
   
   
2. Another good index is Anthropology Resources on the Internet, originally started by Allen Lutins, but now maintained by Bernard Clist. He also includes web sites, usenet news groups and other Internet resources.
   
   
3. About.com has guides who collect useful web sites and provide reviews and commentary about them. Alexander Christensen is your guide at About Anthropology and you will find guides for many different cultures and belief systems in the Society/Culture section.
   
   
4. A Sociological Tour Through Cyberspace by Michael Kearl at Trinity University provides a wonderful summary of sociological topics that will be of interest to anthropologists along with links other resources.
   
   
5. If you can't find the definition to a term you need in the glossary of your text, Anthromorphemics: Anthropology Glossary from the Anthropology Department at the University of California at Santa Barbara provides definitions to many anthropological terms and Anthropology Biographies at Mankato State University can give you a capsule biography of over 400 prominent anthropologists.
   
   
6. In your text, Haviland talks about forensic anthropology. You can learn more about the subject at Forensic Anthropology and you can read about some of the cases solved by the Argentine Forensic Archaeology Team.
   
   
7. You can learn more about Luis Vivanco and his research in Costa Rico on his home page (Luis A. Vivanco Homepage)
   
   
8. The American Anthropological Association web site has information about the organization, about anthropology as a career, and about ethical issues. Particularly useful for discussions and study of ethics and anthropology is the Ethics Casebook. The National Association for the Practice of Anthropology also has their NAPA Ethical Guidelines for Practitioners as does the Society for Applied Anthropology (Statement of Professional and Ethical Responsibilities).
   
   
9. Two sites can help you find web resources relating to the major ethical issues of our time. Ethics Updates developed by Lawrence Hinman at the University of San Diego links you to resources for studying ethical theory and applied ethics. At the Centre for Applied Ethics web page of Applied Ethics Resources on WWW provides links to web sites that may be of interest to people doing research in various branches of applied ethics.
   

Chapter 2: The Nature of Culture

1. Brian Schwimmer at the University of Manitoba has created an online tutorial for his students on the concept of culture and ethnographic field methods. You should start with the Introductory Overview.
   
   
2. Norman Chance describes his field experiences on the north slope of Alaska in 1958 in A Place Called Kaktovik.
   
   
3. Anthropologists do not only work in remote field settings. The Silicon Valley Cultures Project describes an ongoing ten year ethnographic study of the cultures living and working in the hi-tech communities of Silicon Valley.
   
   
4. You can find out more about the Amish subculture at the Pennsylvania Dutch Welcome Center.
   
   
5. One of the best ways to appreciate ethnocentrism is by observing a society from the outside to appreciate how bizarre simple customs can seem. Read Horace Miner's classic "Body Ritual among the Nacirema". Who are the Nacirema? What is the meaning behind their strange religious practices? Would you be interested in conducting field research among such a people? You may find Nacirema Web Resources on the Nacirema People helpful in answering these questions.
   
   
6. You can learn more about Annette Weiner Trobriand Island research on her web page (Annette Barbara Weiner).
   
   
7. Linda Seward at John Carroll University illustrates ethnocentrism by showing pictures of Saudi Arabian women on her page, "Ethnocentrism." What is an abayah and a hejab? What do Saudi women say about their native dress? Do they consider it a symbol of male dominance?
   
   
8. The issues of cultural relativism are nicely summarized in Cultural Relativism and Universal Rights by Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban on the Cultural Survival website.
   
   
9. Read the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Moral Relativism. Is it similar to Haviland's definition of cultural relativism? What are Rachel's core values?
   

Chapter 3: The Beginnings of Human Culture

1. Primate Info Net at the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin at Madison provides lots of links to information about primates and the people studying them. Particularly useful is the About Primates section in Information Resources in Primatology section which provides links to sites that provide basic fact sheets and describe primate anatomy, behavior, evolution, taxonomy, and folklore.
   
   
2. Kathryn Wullstein and Richard Effland of Mesa Community College have an excellent introduction to non-human primates called Introduction to the Primates that will introduce you to the basics of primate taxonomy, anatomy, ecology, and society.
   
   
3. Primate Gallery specializes in pictures of many different primate species. Their Primate of the Week feature provides basic facts on each featured primate. Currently their coverage of lemurs is better than other taxa so it is the best place to find out about the difference between the indri and the sifaka.
   
   
4. See and hear chimpanzees, gorillas, and four species of monkeys at African Primates at Home, developed by M. K. Holder at the University of Indiana.
   
   
5. The World Wildlife Fund has information about bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans at Great Apes in the Wild. The site includes information on their current geographical distribution and threats to their survival.
   
   
6. Bonobos (Pan paniscus). You can find out about the current status and threats to bonobos at Bonobo Protection Fund. Bonobo Sex and Society by Frans B. M. de Waal was originally published in 1995 in Scientific American. It describes his observations of bonobos that he believes challenge the assumptions about male supremacy in human evolution.
   
   
7. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). M. Nakamura of Kyoto University tells you about chimpanzee research sites in The World of Chimpanzees. The Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute at Central Washington University describes efforts to communicate with chimps.
   
   
8. Gorillas (Gorilla ). Gorillas Online by Tim Knight is the best place on the web to learn about gorillas. The Dian Fossey Fund has a page on Mountain Gorilla Protection concerned with the protection of gorillas. The Gorilla Foundation also has a page on protecting gorillas.
   
   
9. Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) are the only great ape that lives in southeast Asia rather than Africa. Orang Utan Page by the Department of Tourism of Indonesia has pictures of orangutans and links to other pages. It also tells how to get to areas where you can observe orangutans. You can also find out more about the leading authority on orangutans, Birute Galdikas. Orangutan Foundation International discusses efforts to protect orangutans from extinction.
   
   
10. The Talk.Origins archive has lots of information about the Evolution/Creationism debate as well as excellent introductions to the theory of evolution. If you are interested in more about evolution and creationism, the archive has a list of Must-Read FAQs [Frequently Asked Questions].
    
    
11. The Long Foreground -Overview of Human Evolution is a tutorial by Richard Law of Washington State University.
    
    
12. Detailed information about Fossil Hominds is presented by Jim Foley as part of the Talk.Origins archives. If you are having difficulty keeping track of all of the homind species, this is the place to go.
    
    
13. Institute of Human Origins at Arizona State University is headed by Donald Johanson (discoverer of Lucy and other fossil hominids). You can find out about their current research projects here.
    
    
14. Photographs of European cave paintings are available for several sites including Chauvet Cave, La Grotte de Lascaux.
    

Chapter 4: Language and Communication

1. The World-Wide Web Virtual Library: Linguistics is a good place to start looking for web sites that relate to linguistics. The page is sponsored by the Linguist List, an electronic conference, which also has a nice web site on linguistics, The LINGUIST List. Michael Kearl gives a good summary of language and society in A Sociological Social Psychology: Living in a Symbolic World.
   
   
2. Tyler Chambers iLoveLanguages - Your Guide to Languages on the Web contains links to over 2000 links to resources about language including dictionaries and language schools. You can find introductions, grammars, and dictionaries for many languages on the web.
   
   
3. Maricopa Community College has a nice tutorial called Language Exploration that will help you answer some basic questions about language and linguistics.
   
   
4. Mary D. Taffet at Syracuse University has created WWW Sites for Students of Introductory Linguistics that will guide you to web sites concerned with a number of topics.
   
   
5. Michael Covington and Mark Rosenfelder answer Frequently Asked Questions About Linguistics including information on how languages are related and whether English is a Creole.
   
   
6. Semiotics studies the life of signs within society. You can find out more about it at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth on Daniel Chandler's web site Semiotics for Beginners.
   
   
7. You can compare English and British vowel sounds at The Vowel Quadrilaterals for Stereotypical National Dialects by George Dillon at the University of Washington.
   
   
8. William Labov from the University of Pennsylvania talks about changes in vowel pronunciation in The Organization of Dialect Diversity in the United States complete with maps from the Phonological Atlas of the United States.
   
   
9. Mark Rosenfelder gives the words for the Numbers in Over 4000 Languages.
   
   
10. Ancient Scripts of the World has examples of written language from Brahmi through Egyptian and Ugaritic to Zapotec.
    
    
11. The University of Berkeley has links to several articles about the Ebonics Controversy as does the Center for Applied Linguistics at their Ebonics Information Page.
    

Chapter 5: Growing Up Human

1. Michael Kearl, professor of Sociology at Trinity University, has created a series of web pages that cover topics of interest to anthropologists and sociologists. He has a nice section called Kearl's Guide to the Sociology of the Family: Parenting and Children that will give you some insights into parenting in modern society. You will also find his page on Self Types and Their Differences Across Generations and the Life-Cycle interesting and worth-while.
   
   
2. Take a look at Yahoo! Society and Culture: Families: Parenting to get some idea how much advice is out on the web to help you make decisions about parenting.
   
   
3. The American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry has a number of short web pages called Facts for Families and Other Resources that to educate parents and families about psychiatric disorders affecting children and adolescents.
   
   
4. The (Im)moral Animal by Frank Miele, which was originally published in Skeptic, describes the field of evolutionary psychology.
   
   
5. The American Psychological Association has an informative article called, Answers to Your Questions About Sexual Orientation and Homosexuality. It discusses the four components of sexuality, the definition of "sexual orientation" and how effective therapy is in changing sexual orientation.
   
   
6. Some have argued that violence is a fundamental human trait. The American Psychological Association has several interesting articles on the subject including, Raising Children to Resist Violence: What You Can Do, Violence on Television, and What Makes Kids Care?
   
   
7. Eric Erickson (who developed the concept of an "identity crisis") has expanded on Freud's basic theory of social development by identifying eight stages of psychosocial development that we all go through. You can find out more about the details (and which one you are in now) at the Erikson Tutorial by Dr. Margaret Anderson at Cortland College.
   
   
8. You can find out about basic personality types and take a test to find out what personality type you have at the Keirsey Temperament and Character Web Site.
   
   
9. You can find more online personality tests at Yahoo! Social Science: Psychology: Disciplines: Personality: Online Tests.
   
   
10. You can learn more about the Japanese at Japanese Culture and Society: An Anthropologist's View by Ito Abito of Tokyo University.
    
    
11. Read more about We'wha the Zuni Indian two-spirit at The Zuni Man-Woman by Will Roscoe.
    
    
12. Ronald Pies and Estelle Keast have written an interesting paper on Cultural Factors in Psychiatric Syndromes for Psychiatric Times.
    
    
13. At Internet Mental Health you can find out about a wide variety of mental disorders and other mental health issues. The site was created by a Canadian psychiatrist, Dr. Phillip Long. Another good site is Mental Health Net developed by psychologist, Dr. John Grohol.
    

Chapter 6: Patterns of Subsistence

1. One way people adapt to their environment is by the type of housing they construct. Native Pre-Contact Housing by Paula Giese. For each housing type she provides information the method of construction.
   
   
2. Haviland describes changes in the adaptation of Plains Indians to bison hunting after the introduction of horses and guns. There is another distinctive historic bison hunting culture in Canada called the Metis. Go to the Canadian Museum of Civilization's web page Metis bison hunters and find out more about them.
   
   
3. For lots of links to ecology and the issues of biodiversity visit The World-Wide Web Virtual Library: Biodiversity, Ecology, and the Environment (Biosciences).
   
   
4. Ethnographic studies of the foraging societies of the Kalahari desert are the basis for much of what we know about the food-foraging way of life. You can find out more about the peoples of Botswana at Okavango Delta Peoples of Botswana and at African San Communications.
   
   
5. Some of the best examples of foraging societies occupy arctic and subarctic environments and there are more imaginative web sites devoted to the people and the climate of the arctic than any other biome. Be sure to visit the extensive Arctic Circle at the University of Connecticut and the Arctic Studies Center at the Smithsonian Institute National Museum of National History. The Canadian Museum of Civilizations has a nice online exhibit on the Inuvialuit of the Western Arctic.
   
   
6. The Penan of Sarawak and The Semelai of Tasek Bera are traditional societies in Malaysia.
   
   
7. Complex hunting and fishing cultures developed on the northwest coast of North America. An online exhibit from the Canadian Museum of Civilizations describes life for one of these cultures in From Time Immemorial: Tsimshian Prehistory. Be sure to look at the sections on Tsimshian Society and Culture.
   
   
8. The Agricultural Revolution is a tutorial developed by Richard Law at Washington State University.
   
   
9. The Future of Tropical Rainforest Peoples has prepared a report entitled The Situation of Indigneous Peoples in Tropical Forests that describes the current population of tropical forest societies around the world and their prospects for the future. Papua New Guinea Virtual Library provides links to culture, health, and social development issues in Papua New Guinea.
   
   
10. The Bakhtiari have their own web site, Welcome to the Bakhtiari, where you can find out more about this pastoral society. You can find out a bit more about them and see some impressive photos at The Iranian: Arts, Photography, Bakhtiaris.
    
    
11. Clark Erickson at the University of Pennsylvania describes traditional raised field agriculture in the Amazon forest in Bolivia at Ancient Raised Field Agriculture.
    
    
12. There are a number of good web sites on the Aztecs. Michael Smith at SUNY Albany describes his research on the Tlahuica Culture. You can find out more about how the Aztecs supported the urban population at Tenochtitlan at the Floating Gardens of Mexico. If you have a fast Internet connection (and a fast computer) you might want to explore a virtual version of Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital at The Tenochtitlan Web Site.
    
    
13. Exploring Ancient World Cultures summarizes complex Old World civilizations in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.
    
    
14. For more information on sustainable agriculture, try The World Wide Web Virtual Library: Sustainable Agriculture. Also good is the World Resources Institute's Sustainable Agriculture Page. Also the Center for Earth International Earth Science Information Network at Columbia University's Agriculture Guide is a thematic guide to provide resources on agriculture and global environmental change. Particularly interesting is the section on Indigenous Agriculture which has links to a number of interesting articles.
    

Chapter 7: Economic Systems

1. The International Labour Organization is the UN agency that studies labor issues around the world. They have several pages of interest to anthropologists including the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour Home Page.
   
   
2. The Martin P. Catherwood Library on WorkNet@ILR, a web site for the School of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University, has a number of reports available in the E-Archive. The Glass Ceiling Commission has reports concerning barriers to corporate advancement for women. The International Child Labor Program has reports about the use of child labor in various parts of the world.
   
   
3. The History Place has an online photographic exhibit called Child Labor in America: 1908-1912.
   
   
4. Women and Work in Hawaii: Into the Marketplace is an online exhibit illustrating changes in women's work in Hawaii and the social and economic forces affecting women's work lives.
   
   
5. The National Museum of American History has a online exhibit called Between a Rock and a Hard Place: A History of American Sweatshops 1820 - Present.
   
   
6. The Study of Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism by Richard Robbins has links to news stories and articles relating to the globalization of capitalism.
   
   
7. One way to explore the implications of reciprocity is through a game called the Prisoner's Dilemma. You can find out about the game and run simulations at Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Game and Simulation by Wayne Davis at Charles Sturt University. You might also want to visit the Prisoner's Dilemma Page (especially the tutorial) by David Rousseau at SUNY Buffalo.
   
   
8. You can read about Thorstein Veblen's theory of conspicuous leisure and conspicuous consumption in Chapters 3 and 4 of Theory of the Leisure Class. A number of his articles are also available at Veblen including, "The Barbarian Status of Women."
   
   
9. Max Weber's classic explanation of the role of religion and culture in economic development, Protestantism and the Spirit of Capitalism, is also available on the web.
   
   
10. The Primitive Economics of the Trobriand Islanders by Bronislaw Malinowski provides some background on the society that made the Kula Ring famous.
    
    
11. If you want to read English versions of various Marxist writings visit From Marx to Mao or The Marx/Engels Internet Archive.
    
    
12. The World Systems Archive provides access to many articles and web links on world systems theory as developed by Fernand Braudel, Immanuel Wallerstein and others.
    
    
13. Fernand Braudel Center Home Page at Binghamton University studies large-scale change over long periods of historical time. The site includes numerous research papers by Immanuel Wallerstein (the director and founder of world system theory).
    
    
14. J. N. Hooker at Carnegie Mellon University has prepared a nice bibliography, Cultural Factors in Business: An Incomplete Anthropological Bibliography that may be useful if you are writing a paper on the subject or want to locate references for a particular country.
    

Chapter 8: Sex and Marriage

1. Michael Kearl's at Trinity University describes the role and importance of families in Marriage and Family Processes and provides links to supplemental web sites. He focuses particularly on the role of the family in modern American society.
   
   
2. There are several good web sites dealing with HIV/AIDS including the Center for Disease Controls HIV/AIDS Information, AIDS HIV AEGIS, and HIV: InSite at the University of California at San Francisco.
   
   
3. Pat McClendon, has two interesting articles on Incest on the web, "Incest/Sexual Abuse of Children" and "Systems Theory and Incest-Sexual Abuse of Children Focus on Families article and Communities." You can also check the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network home page for statistics and information.
   
   
4. Penn State students in a course on the Transition to Adulthood developed a web site, Adolescence Change & Continuity, that provides links to other sites and essays by the students on a variety of topics relating to adolescence.
   
   
5. Many of the web portals offer personal ads for people who want to meet through cyberspace such as Yahoo! Classifieds - Personals. Visit the site and browse through some of the ads. You might also find some useful links in Yahoo! Society and Culture:Relationships:Dating.
   
   
6. You can explore variation in marriage practices among 186 different societies at Ethnographic Atlas Crosstabulations by Centre for Social Anthropology and Computing. The interface is a bit primitive but with patience you will be able to find out how common certain practices are and what other practices they are often associated with.
   
   
7. The United Nations has a good summary of their book The World's Women 2000. The site summarizes the conclusions of each chapter and provides a number of statistical tables with information on the status of women in different countries.
   
   
8. Visit Yahoo! Society and Culture: Weddings to see how much information is available on the web to help you plan a wedding. While you are there, look at the section on "Traditions and Customs" to find web pages that describe weddings in other parts of the world.
   
   
9. A nice summary of different wedding customs is Wedding Wire: Worldwide Wedding Customs to find out about how wedding customs vary from one culture to another.
   
   
10. For arguments in favor of polygamy in modern society visit Polygamy.com and polygamypage.com. Evaluate the web page critically. The page is advocating polygamy not trying to present both sides of an issue. Describe some of the features of the page that help you to recognize this fact. For the other side, visit Tapestry against Polygamy.
    

Chapter 9: Family and Household

1. Michael Kearl, professor of Sociology at Trinity University, has created a series of web pages that cover topics of interest to anthropologists and sociologists. He has a nice section called Kearl's Guide to the Sociology of the Family: Life-Cycle Relationships that will give you some insights into how family relationships develop over time. He also has a section on how families break up, Kearl's Guide to the Sociology of the Family: Divorce and Death.
   
   
2. There are many web sites that provide advice to contemporary families. Some of the more extensive include Family.com, familyresource.com, The Family Connection, All Family Resources Guide, and Parent Soup.
   
   
3. You can find out more about the Inuit and their families at the Canadian Museum of Civilization's Inuvialuit of the Western Arctic and Arctic Circle's Inupiat of Arctic Alaska.
   
   
4. You can find out more about the Maya and their families at Hach Winik Home Page: A Web site for the Lacandon Maya communities.
   
   
5. There are several web sites for individual kibbutzim (for example Yahoo! Regional:Countries:Israel:Kibbutzim) and general sites that talk about them, such as this article on Kibbutzim by Manfred Davidmann.
   
   
6. Marriage Equality is an advocacy group working for the legal recognition of same sex marriages in the U.S.
   
   
7. The U.S. Census department has statistics on Marital Status and Living Arrangements in contemporary American society. The page includes both current statistics and trends over the last 35 years.
   
   
8. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has prepared a report entitled Trends in the Well-Being of America's Children and Youth.
   
   
9. The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics page called FASTATS can give you a wide variety of health, social, and demographic statistics. For example, in 1998, 32.8% of all births were to unmarried women. Also in 1998 there were 2.26 million marriages and 1.14 million divorces.
   
   
10. The United Nations web page The World's Women 2000 provides summary findings from their report and statistical tables on households and families around the world.
    

Chapter 10: Kinship and Descent

1. K. C. Hanson of St Olaf College has created a Readers Guide: Kinship to facilitate understanding of kinship in the Bible.
   
   
2. Calculating Kinship in Experience Rich Anthropology at the Centre for Social Anthropology and Computing (CSAC) - University of Kent at Canterbury.
   
   
3. Cousins & Cousinhood from Arduini & Pizzo An Italian-American Family History has a nice table of genealogical relatedness and cousin terms in American kinship.
   
   
4. Peggy Sanday of the University of Pennsylvania has a nice web page called Eggi's Village that describes her ethnographic research among the matrilineal Minangkabau of Indonesia.
   
   
5. You can explore variation in kinship and descent among 186 different societies at Ethnographic Atlas Crosstabulations by Centre for Social Anthropology and Computing. The interface is a bit primitive but with patience you will be able to find out how common certain practices are and what other practices they are often associated with.
   
   
6. You can learn more about the Hopi at their official web site, Hopi Welcome to Hopi, and at The Official Hopi Cultural Preservation Office home page which has information on their culture, including arts and crafts.
   
   
7. Find out more about the Mi'kmaqs and Maliseets in Lee Sultzman's history of the Micmac.
   
   
8. Several of the Iroquois Nations have their own web sites including the Mohawk, Oneida, and Senaca. A history of the Mohawks is available at The Wampum Chronicles A Website of Mohawk History.
   
   
9. Descent, Clans, and Territorial Organization in the Tikar Chiefdom of Ngambe, Cameroon by David Price describes patrilineal and matrilineal descent in this west African chiefdom.
   
   
10. In the U.S. kinship usually means genealogical research. There are many web pages that can help you get started tracing your ancestors including any of the following: Genealogy Online, The Genealogy Home Page, and USGenWeb Project. Another extensive web resource for genealogy is FamilySearch Internet Genealogy Service created by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (but available to anyone, anywhere in the world).
    

Chapter 11: Grouping by Sex, Age, Common Interest, and Class

1. Hindutva Series Hindu History - A Search for Our Present in History provides information on Indian history and culture. The web has two nice articles on the caste system, India's Caste System by Terence Callaham and Roxanna Pavich and Brahmans within the Caste System by Andrae Pintane, from an Asian Cultural Traditions course taught by Carolyn Brown Heinz at California State University at Chico.
   
   
2. The Canadian Museum of Civilization has a nice online exhibit about the Mystery of the Maya that will tell you more about this stratified society. Other useful resources include MayaPages, AncientMexico.com, and Mundo Maya.
   
   
3. In the U.S. the Girl Scouts of the U.S.A. and the Boy Scouts of America function similarly to the age sets of many non-state societies. You can find out more about the history of these organizations and the various levels that participants work through.
   
   
4. Contemporary fraternities and sororities are examples of associations that group individuals by sex, common interest, and social class. You can find out about modern Greeks at Fraternity and Sorority SuperSite - GreekZone and Greekinfo.Com - Your Fraternity & Sorority Connection.
   
   
5. For a very different kind of special interest group, try the A goth primer or The Goth culture its history, practices, stereotypes, religious connections, etc.
   
   
6. For adults in the U.S., special interest groups include service organizations such as Kiwanis International, Lions International, and the Rotary International.
   
   
7. Michael Kearl's web sites for sociologists called An Overview of Social Inequality and Gender and Society: A Matter of Nature or Nurture? can help you to understand stratification in contemporary U.S. society.
   
   
8. How the Pie is Sliced by Edward Wolff discusses income stratification in the U.S.
   
   
9. You can get basic information about Rwanda at Rwanda Page by African Studies program at the University of Pennsylvania. For current events go to Rwanda - Latest News on the allAfrica.com Home web site.
   

Chapter 12: Political Organization and the Maintenance of Order

1. The Traditional Abenaki of Mazipskwik & Related Bands have a web site that describes their history and cultural traditions. Ne-Do-Ba - The Abenaki of Western Maine is a web site for a non-profit, corporation established to explore topics relating to Abenaki and Euroamerican relationships.
   
   
2. John Kantner has created a web version of a portion of the film, The Ax Fight that was created by Timothy Asch and Napoleon Chagnon. You can look at it at Yanomamo Interactive: Understanding The Ax Fight. It illustrates the details of a dispute that erupted into violence before it could be resolved.
   
   
3. The Palace and Its Institutions in the Chiefdom of Ngambe by David Price describes the organization of the palace in an African chiefdom.
   
   
4. The first preserved set of written laws is the Code of Hammurabi which you can find in the Ancient History Sourcebook. Take a look at them and the punishments that are prescribed for various criminal acts.
   
   
5. Crime and violence have not been eliminated from American society. Visit the Bureau of Justice Statistics web page and browse through the "Key Facts at a Glance" and the "Crimes and Victims" pages.
   
   
6. A number of web sites help you to track current conflicts and warfare. The Canadian Forces College has a useful web site called War, Peace and Security Guide that provides links to information on Contemporary Conflicts throughout the world.
   
   
7. The American Anthropological Association Committee for Human Rights has Resources for Research and Instruction.
   
   
8. ITP Nelson, a Canadian educational publisher, has a web page on Political Violence and Peacekeeping on their Political Science web site.
   
   
9. The United Nations has a nice site on its Peacekeeping Operations around the world.
   
   
10. Institute for Global Communications was established to "bring Internet tools and online services to organizations and activists working on peace, economic and social justice, human rights, environmental protection, labor issues and conflict resolution." They have web sites to track ecological issues(EcoNet), labor issues (LaborNet), gender issues (WomensNet), and social and economic justice (PeaceNet).
    

Chapter 13: Culture and the Supernatural

1. Anthropology of Religion Links and Lists from the Anthropology of Religion Section of the American Anthropological Association provides a comprehensive listing of web resources.
   
   
2. There are a number of extensive directories to religion and the supernatural. Academic Info: Religion contains extensive Internet resources for the study of religion. Rutgers University's Department of Religion maintains the enormous Virtual Religion Index. Another good resource is Facets of Religion -- WWW Virtual Library. Yahoo! Society and Culture:Religion and Spirituality list many pages under several subdivisions. The section on Faiths and Practices and will help you find web sites created by adherents to various faiths.
   
   
3. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance promotes religious tolerance worldwide. Their section on Religions, Faith Groups & Ethical Systems will give you a brief synopsis of various religions. It should give you enough of a background to pursue more specialized resources.
   
   
4. Still other web sites can link you to religious literature and sacred texts. World Scripture by Andrew Wilson and Religious and Sacred Texts by David Wiley are both good choices.
   
   
5. The sociology of religion is also well covered on the web. The Sociology of Religion is maintained by the Hartford Institute for Religion Research. Also interesting are Michael Nielsen's Psychology of Religion Pages.
   
   
6. There is a lot of material about the Navajo on the web. You might start with Dine-Navajo: An Exploration of a Rich Heritage by Richard Elfland and Shirley Descheenie-Effland at Mesa Community College. Larry DiLucchio can answer basic questions about Navajo Land at Navajo Land FAQ's. Also visit Navajo Nation Home Page, the official home page of the Navajo Nation.
   
   
7. David Zeitlyn at the Centre for Social Anthropology and Computing at the University of Kent has created Ancestors in Africa as part of the Experience Rich Anthropology Project. It contains selected articles on ancestor worship in Africa, commentary, and case material on the Mambila.
   
   
8. You can find out much about Shamanism including the answers to your most frequently asked questions (faq) at this page.
   
   
9. The Jon Frum Home Page by Dennis Gaylor of the Centre for Reasonable Technology provides information about a particular cargo cult.
   
   
10. AFF is a non-profit, tax exempt research and educational organization that studies psychological manipulation and cults. Their web page (Cult Information of AFF's Cult Information Service) includes resources about psychological manipulation, cult groups, sects, and new religious movements. Check out their introductory information on cults at called, Cults 101.
    
    
11. To find out more about cults today, visit Alternative Religions by Tammy Todd for About.com. The Watchman Fellowship's 2000 Index of Cults and Religions has a mammoth listing of cults and religious sects.
    
    
12. Belief in paranormal phenomena is widespread in contemporary society. Predictably there are many web sites (from all perspectives). The following pages will give you some ideas about where to start. Steven Wagner's Paranormal Phenomena/The Unexplained at About.com includes essays, news items, regular chats, and web links. Another extensive listing is Middletown Thrall Library ~ Links to the Paranormal and Beyond. Michael Kearl's Paranormal Sites--With Your Mind in Mind is part of his Sociological Tour Through Cyberspace.
    
    
13. CSICOP On-line is the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. They publish the Skeptical Inquirer which uses scientific methods to debunk paranormal claims. Also worthwhile is Robert T. Carroll's The Skeptic's Refuge which includes the The Skeptic's Dictionary where you can research a wide variety of paranormal claims.
    
    
14. Links to pages concerned with the relationships between science and religion can be found in Yahoo's Science and Religion section. The American Association for the Advancement of Science has a special program called Between Science and Religion. PBS also has a nice web site called Faith and Reason.
    

Chapter 14: The Arts

1. Several web directories cover the arts, including The Definitive Arts and Culture Information Gateway by the World Wide Arts Resources Corporation and Voice of the Shuttle Art and Art History Page by Alan Liu at the University of California at Santa Barbara.
   
   
2. Verbal Art. You can find examples of folklore, myths, and legends on the web from a number of sites:
   
   The section on Poetry & Stories provides links to recent stories and poetry by Native Americans.
   
   Storytelling: The Art of Knowledge from an exhibit at the Canadian Museum of Civilization discusses storytelling among several Canadian tribes.
   
   For information about American folklore visit The American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress has links and information on American folklore. One form of contemporary folklore, urban legends, are stories about events that happened to "a friend of a friend." They spread rapidly, especially via the email
   
   You can track down the history of your favorites on several web sites including The AFU & Urban Legends Archive and the Urban Legends Reference Pages.
   
   
3. Music. There are three good indexes to ethnomusicology on the web:
   
   Ethnomusicology at the University of Washington is extensive and up to date.
   
   Another is the Online Sources for Ethnomusicological Information at the University of Middlebury
   
   Finally Ethnomusicology Resources on the Web is maintained by Eric Charry at Wesleyan.
   
   The Index of Native American Music Resources on the Internet is part of the WWW Virtual Library - American Indians
   
   For an example of American Indian music, the Dakota Tamakoce Singers have a nice web site that includes sound files of some of their songs.
   
   The Southern Native American Pow Wows web site has information about Pow Wows and has some sound files as well (Drum and Song Page). You can compare that music with samples of drum music from west Africa at Village Pulse Outpost.
   
   Sounds from the Vaults at the Field Museum lets you try out various instruments.
   
   
4. Pictorial Art. The Heard Museum has a resource guide to the The Native American Fine Art Movement that focuses on painting and sculpture produced in the continental United States since 1900. Rock art is well represented on the web at a number of sites:
   
   Rupestre - Rock Art & Petroglyphs includes back issues of Tracces, a bulletin of rock art.
   
   Rock Art and Petroglyphs in Valcamonica describes rock art in the Italian Alps.
   
   The Cave of Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc and The cave of Lascaux are rock art sites in France
   
   The Rock Art Foundation was established to preserve rock art of the Lower Pecos River Valley in Texas.
   
   World Rock Art discusses contemporary approaches to the analysis of rock art.
   
   
5. Crafts. NativeTech: Native American Technology and Art, has links to web sites on a wide variety of crafts from beadwork through weaving:
   
   Navajo Rugs describes the various styles of Navaho rugs on the reservation.
   
   Contemporary Hopi Arts and Crafts describes the pottery, jewelry, basketry, and katsina dolls of the Hopi.
   
   Inca Weaving Traditions describes styles of weaving among the descendants of the ancient Inca.
   
   masks.org has examples of masks from around the world.
   
   The Anthropology Collections of The Field Museum is a virtual exhibit of craft items and artifacts from around the world.
   

Chapter 15: Cultural Change

1. The Virtual Library on International Development and the The WWW Virtual Library on Migration and Ethnic Relations provide links to many resources relating to cultural change.
   
   
2. The World Resources Institute (WRI), an independent center for policy research and technical assistance on global environmental and development issues, has many resources pertaining to development and the preservation of the environment. A number of electronic publications are available online. Their World Resources 1996-1997: A Guide to the Global Environment summary of the state of the urban environment and the global environment is available online. They also maintain the Online Sustainable Development Information Service.
   
   
3. The Arctic Circle web page has information about the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in their virtual classroom at Corporate Strategies & Village Values.
   
   
4. The Lapps (now usually known as the Sá mi) are well represented by pages on Arctic Circle web site, The Sami of Far Northern Europe, and at An Introduction to the Sami People by Boreale.
   
   
5. For the Quincentennial and online exhibit was developed by the Library of Congress, 1492: An Ongoing Voyage, that explores the consequences of Columbus' historic voyage.
   
   
6. The Public Broadcasting System has a web version of their series called The West. You will find the entire series interesting, but for now look at Episode Eight: One Sky Above Us to learn about the Ghost Dance and the events at Wounded Knee.
   
   
7. Peasant Social Worlds and Their Transformation at the University of Manchester has a nice series of pages on the transformation of peasant societies in the twentieth century.
   
   
8. In Complex Systems Dynamics of a Development Frontier: The Case of Eco-Tourism on the Island of Bonaire, Netherland Antilles Tom Abel describes his dissertation research at the University of Florida. He is particularly interested in the effects of development on the island ecology and economic strategies of local inhabitants.
   
   
9. APFT Home Page Future of Tropical Rainforest Peoples web site explores issues of biodiversity and cultural survival. Cultural Survival, Inc. has a web site with information on the its efforts to preserve cultural diversity. Another organization with similar goals is Survival International.
   
   
10. Amnesty International has an online site that describes their efforts to protect human rights worldwide.
    
    
11. Recently a long civil war in Guatemala ended. You can find out more about the conflict by reading the summary of the Commission for Historical Clarification report, Guatemala: Memory of Silence.
    

Chapter 16: Anthropology and the Future

1. The World Wide Web Virtual Library: Indigenous Studies provide links to web resources relating to indigenous studies around the world. In addition, the Aboriginal Studies WWW VL provides links to resources relating to Australian aboriginal studies and the WWW Virtual Library: Circumpolar Peoples and WWW Virtual Library: American Indians provide links relating to North American studies. Another good resource is the Center For World Indigenous Studies.
   
   
2. The Ethnic World Survey by CIEMEN provides links to ethnic, native, and nationalist affairs around the world. Bill Henderson, an attorney in Ontario specializing in aboriginal rights, maintains a comprehensive list of Links to Aboriginal Resources. Lisa Mitten maintains a large collection of links to Native American Sites. NativeWeb contains information and links relating to indigenous people around the world. NativeWeb exists to utilize the Internet to educate the public about Indigenous cultures and issues, and to promote communications between Indigenous peoples and organizations supporting their goals and efforts. First Nations dot Com - The Village of First Nations was established to bring Native issues, peoples, and culture to the Internet.
   
   
3. A good place to start looking for global information is the United Nations CyberSchoolBus. Although it is geared for younger surfers, the Resource Source section has basic information about global trends and the member countries of the UN.
   
   
4. Population issues and statistics are available from a number of web sites. The Population Reference Bureau provides objective data on population trend in the U.S. and the world. The U.S. Census has data on world population at World Population Information. The United Nations Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs has statistics on economic and social affairs and the United Nations Population Population Information Network POPIN has a nice web site with the latest population trends and projections.
   
   
5. US Global Change Research Information Office provides educational resources related to global change. The provide a number of online publications including Consequences. One of the articles, Ending Hunger: Current Status and Future Prospects by Robert W. Kates summaries where we stand and what challenges we will face in eliminating hunger. The HungerWeb explores the causes of, and solutions to, hunger. The web site is part of the Watson Institute of International Studies at Brown University. Links to web resources relating to the ethical issues relating to world hunger have can found at Ethics Updates: World Hunger by Lawrence Hinman at the University of San Diego is a web site designed for students taking his Social Ethics course, but you can find web resources relating to hunger and its ethical implications. You can get the latest agricultural statistics from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Their FAO FactFile Archive provides graphs and tables summarizes global trends.
   
   
6. World Game Institute offers simulation games to help you better understand the critical problems facing global society. Worldometers at the World Game Institute, a not-for-profit education organization to help solve the critical problems facing the global society.
   
   
7. Links to web resources relating to the ethical issues relating to multiculturalism have can found at Ethics Updates: Literature on Race, Ethnicity, and Multiculturalism by Lawrence Hinman at the University of San Diego is a web site designed for students taking his Social Ethics course, but you can find web resources relating to a variety of ethical and issues relating to race and ethnicity. The Multicultural Pavilion at the University of Virginia has extensive listing of web resources and activities to promote awareness of multiculturalism.
   
   
8. There are a number of non-profit organizations that focus on the preservation of single cultural groups such as the Kalahari Peoples Fund and the Ituri Forest Peoples Fund.
   
   
9. A Line in the Sand explores the controversial issues of cultural and intellectual property.
   
   
10. Global human rights issues are the concern of Amnesty International and OneWorld Online. Also a good resource for web resources on human rights in the U.S. and the world is the University of Minnesota Human Rights Library.